Notably, in most countries PAC is freely sold as an OTC drug, raising the risk of unintentional abuse and increased adverse effects (Sansgiry et al., 2017)
The characteristics of glutathione are the following: (a) discovered by Hopkins in 1921 [67], (b) synthesized intracellularly by glutamate-cysteine ligase and glutathione synthetase [68], (c) exists in reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) forms, maintaining cellular redox balance [69], (d) functions in melanogenesis inhibition through tyrosinase suppression and pheomelanin synthesis [70], and (e) oral bioavailability is enhanced through liposomal formulations, S -acetyl derivatives, or co-administration with precursors [71]
Kim SJ, Lee MY, Kwon do Y, Kim SY, Kim YC
If animals died unexpectedly in the experiment, the relevant data were excluded