The GLP-1R is expressed in many tissues, including pancreatic islets, the central nervous system, lung, kidney, heart, intestine, and also on immune cells ( When secreted by L cells, GLP-1 either functions in an endocrine manner, being released into the blood stream where it is rapidly inactivated by DPP-4 with a half-life of about 2 min, or exerts paracrine effects like stimulating neurons
Gut microbiota regulates bile acid metabolism by reducing the levels of tauro-beta-muricholic acid, a naturally occurring FXR antagonist
Contrave targets the brains reward and hunger centers, while Ozempic mimics a natural gut hormone (GLP-1) that controls hunger and helps you feel full longer
Glutamate and glycine, the other two precursors, are generally not limiting