The NHS side-effects guidance for hydroxocobalamin, the form used in the UK, lists nausea, headache, dizziness and injection-site reactions as known effects that usually pass on their own
In the brain, it supports healthy serotonin activity, which is closely linked to mood and emotional well-being
To account for potential pleiotropy, in each analysis, we used different analytic methods robust to pleiotropy, including Mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO), a weighted median, and weighted mode
The peptide significantly reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-alpha, IL-1, and IL-6, which are consistently elevated in fibromyalgia patients