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The physiological concern with any bioactive peptide used chronically is receptor desensitization, metabolic accumulation of degradation byproducts, and potential downstream endocrine effects that manifest only after sustained signaling pathway activation

We therefore investigated whether oxidative stress associated with low levels of GSH could be ameliorated through the alternative strategy of increasing cellular GSH levels in diabetic patients with uncontrolled hyperglycemia

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These issues are exacerbated in complex tissues, where proximity labeling and spatial proteomics remain challenged by background labeling, context-dependent effective labeling distance, and limited in vivo deployability, collectively restricting causal interpretation in human immune pathophysiology (82,231)