The initial formations of -ketoglutarate from glucose do require malateaspartate cycle activity, but there seem to be agreement that only 1520% of glutamineglutamate (GABA) cycle activity is connected with de novo synthesis of glutamate
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Some, however, including certain birds, guinea pigs, bats, primates, and humans, lack the necessary biosynthetic apparatus and must acquire vitamin C through external sources, i.e., diet