R This pathway is the primary defense against: Aflatoxin B1 (a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus) Cadmium Epoxides (reactive Phase I intermediates from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) Lipid peroxidation products (4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde) Mercury (organic and inorganic forms) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) GSTs exist in three locations: cytosolic (the largest class, with alpha, mu, pi, theta, sigma, omega, and zeta subfamilies), mitochondrial (kappa class), and microsomal (MAPEG family)
Skin clarity and complexion improvements typically appear within 2-4 weeks
95 % CI (102, 082), P = 0829) (online Supplementary Fig
Immunofluorescence staining For immunofluorescence staining, cells were grown on coverslips (Thermo Fisher Scientific)