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Two common production techniques for bioactive peptides are enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation , which are both ways to break proteins down into smaller peptides or individual amino acids.12 The realm of bioactive peptides is somewhat limited because, remember, peptides can easily break down in the digestive tract, and many are too molecularly large to permeate the skin or intestinal lining.5 But there are several peptide varieties that are readily bioavailable by oral or transcutaneous administration, such as collagen and GHK-Cu
Short-term temperature fluctuations during transit do not affect their quality or potency even at high summer temperatures, lyophilized peptides remain stable for several weeks
In combination, these effects may support both vascular signaling and structural assembly during tissue repair
More information on pKa's can be obtained elsewhere (e.g Wikipedia pKa)
