Intramuscular (IM) injection: Delivered into the muscle, usually the arm
doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1684744 Received 13 August 2025 Revised 01 October 2025 Accepted 05 November 2025 Published 21 November 2025 Volume 16 - 2025 Edited by Eleonore Frhlich, Medical University of Graz, Austria Reviewed by Hussam Wahab Al-Humadi, University of Babylon, Iraq Yuting Cui, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China Updates Copyright 2025 Song, Li, Shi, Liu, Qu and Wang
Silencing of GRX1 but not TRX1 in INS-1 832/13 cells or rat islets dramatically reduces GSIS without affecting the global cellular redox state, suggesting GRX1 acts to support insulin secretion locally [90]
Safety: Clinically tested oral supplements are safer for long-term use