Published Research Cited in This Guide Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al
Eight major RCTs of GLP-1RAs have investigated the cardiovascular outcomes, including the ELIXA trial of lixisenatide (250), the EXSCEL trial of exenatide ER (251), the LEARDER trial of liraglutide (252), the SUSTAIN-6 trial of subcutaneous semaglutide (253), the HARMONY trial of albiglutide (228), the REWIND trial of dulaglutide (254), the PIONEER trial of oral semaglutide (255), and the SELECT trial of subcutaneous semaglutide (199)
No yellow discoloration indicates copper ion oxidation and peptide dechelation, meaning the tripeptide structure has broken down into inactive amino acid fragments
Dose escalation in research settings typically starts at 100 mcg twice daily for the first week, increasing to 200 mcg twice daily in week two, with optional advancement to three-times-daily dosing after four weeks if biomarker response plateaus