89 A study of nondiabetic patients with severe obesity showed that 3 months of exenatide treatment improved fasting and postprandial lipidomic profiles (reduced saturated triacylglycerols, ceramides, and lysophosphatidylcholines) while increasing cardioprotective unsaturated phospholipid species
Proteins are made of smaller components called amino acids
Through a system involving the enzymes carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT-II), L-carnitine binds to fatty acid molecules, transports them into the mitochondrial matrix, and releases them for beta-oxidation, the process that breaks fatty acids down into acetyl-CoA units for energy production in the citric acid cycle
Beyond these, in the tubular injury of DKD, autophagy determines cellular susceptibility to apoptosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis (37, 79, 225)