Se deficiency also impairs the structural integrity of the head kidney, spleen and skin of juvenile grass carp, leads to oxidative damage and aggravating cell apoptosis due to downregulate the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPX, GSTR, and GR) and the mRNA levels related to the signal transduction part (Zheng et al., 2018)
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Future studies will reveal the applicability of our model, for example, to activate enzymatically inactive glutaredoxins, to alter the sensitivity and responsiveness of glutaredoxin-coupled fluorescent redox sensors, to further address the catalytic mechanism with GSSCys, HEDS and physiological substrates, or to design specific transition-state inhibitors