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Also, research shows that B12 absorbs best when dissolved in an isotonic solution like saline
One-pot synthesis of atomically monodisperse, thiol-functionalized Au25 nanoclusters
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Abbreviations PCOS: Polycystic ovary syndrome ER: Endometrial receptivity OS: Oxidative stress ROS: Reactive oxygen species IR: Insulin resistance HA: Hyperandrogenemia MetS: Metabolic syndrome LIF: Leukemia inhibitory factor NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa B PI3K/Akt: Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase / protein kinase B pathway mPTP: Mitochondrial permeability transition pore ATP: Adenosine triphosphate MDA: Malondialdehyde 8-OHdG: 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine TOS/TAC: Total oxidant status / Total antioxidant capacity ART: Assisted reproductive technology SOD: Superoxide dismutase CAT: Catalase GSH-Px (GPx): Glutathione peroxidase E: Estradiol P: Progesterone IRS: Insulin Receptor Substrate GLUT-4: Glucose transporter Type 4 HDL: High-density lipoprotein LDL: Low-density lipoprotein FFA: Free fatty acids PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor alpha IL-6: Interleukin-6 IL-10: Interleukin-10 AR: Androgen receptor SHBG: Sex hormone-binding globulin HNF-4: Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4 ERK/p38/JNK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways CYP19 (Aromatase): Cytochrome P450 family 19 LPS: Lipopolysaccharide TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4 SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids BCAAs: Branched-chain amino acids HDACs: Histone deacetylases GPCRs: G protein-coupled References Rasouli MA, Katz J, Dumesic DA
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