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Moreover, Ahmed et al

Liraglutide (Saxenda): What It Is: GLP-1 receptor agonist (same class as semaglutide) Older, less effective version Daily injection required Effectiveness: Average Weight Loss: 5-8% of body weight SCALE Trial: 8% loss vs 2.6% placebo Significantly less effective than semaglutide (daily) or tirzepatide Why Less Effective: Shorter half-life requires daily dosing Less consistent drug levels Lower peak concentrations Side Effects: Similar to semaglutide (nausea, diarrhea, constipation) Same GLP-1 class warnings Cost: $1,400/month More expensive than newer, more effective options Who Should Consider: Almost no one Semaglutide and tirzepatide have largely replaced liraglutide Rarely prescribed for weight loss anymore Comparison Table: All FDA-Approved Weight Loss Medications: Bottom Line on Non-GLP-1 Options: For most patients seeking effective weight loss: Best Results: Tirzepatide or semaglutide If GLP-1s Contraindicated: Phentermine-topiramate Avoid: Orlistat, naltrexone-bupropion (poor effectiveness) Short-term Only: Phentermine The GLP-1 revolution has made older medications largely obsolete for patients who can tolerate them

Nevertheless, to assess the robustness of our findings, we performed sensitivity analyses adjusting for GA alone (Model B) and for GA in addition to the DAG-selected confounders (Model C)