Ethics declarations Conflict of interest F.C.S declares grants from NIH/NIDDK (P30 DK040561, U24 DK132733, and UE5 DK137285) and consulting fees from Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, AbbVie, Currax, Pfizer, Doximity, MelliCell, Vida Health, Empros Pharma, Apnimed, Clearmind Medicine, and Ilant Health, all outside of the current work
Methylcobalamin formulations also typically appear red, with shade variations primarily related to concentration and excipients rather than the form of B12 used
SCFAs metabolized by intestinal bacteria are absorbed into the portal circulation and reach the liver, where most of the SCFAs are consumed (76)
The digital models were inclined forward by an angle of 22.5, and the vertically upright 36 spray axis was closer to the lateral nasal wall, at one-third of the distance between the lateral side and septal wall