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The peptide also promotes polarization of macrophages from pro-inflammatory M1 phenotypes toward tissue-repairing M2 phenotypes, with treated macrophages showing 70% increased phagocytic activity for clearing inflammatory debris and 3-fold higher production of VEGF compared to untreated controls

In a series of clinical trials (SURPASS 1-5) individuals with type 2 diabetes have shown reduction in both HbA1c (1.2 to 2.6%) and body weight (5.411.7 kg) (Nauck and D'Alessio 2022)

In the initial study of semaglutide, in the second year patients lost on average an extra 8% of their body weight

Furthermore, the chronic physiological stress response alters renal function